The SLUČAJ je izjava koja upravlja tipom if-then-else logičkih upita. Ova izjava vraća vrijednost kada navedeni uvjet ima vrijednost True. Kada nijedan uvjet ne dobije vrijednost True, vraća vrijednost dijela ELSE.

Kada nema ELSE dijela i nijedan uvjet ne daje vrijednost True, vraća vrijednost NULL.

U jeziku strukturiranih upita, naredba CASE koristi se u naredbama SELECT, INSERT i DELETE sa sljedeće tri klauzule:

1. WHERE klauzula
2. ORDER BY klauzula
3. GROUP BY klauzula

Ovu naredbu u SQL-u uvijek prati najmanje jedan par naredbi WHEN i THEN i uvijek završava ključnom riječi END.

U relacijskim bazama podataka postoje dvije vrste naredbe CASE:

1. Jednostavna izjava CASE
2. Pretražena izjava CASE

Sintaksa naredbe CASE u SQL-u

 CASE WHEN condition_1 THEN statement_1 WHEN condition_2 THEN statement_2 ……. WHEN condition_N THEN statement_N ELSE result END; 

Ovdje naredba CASE procjenjuje svaki uvjet jedan po jedan.

abeceda s brojevima

Ako izraz odgovara uvjetu prve odredbe WHEN, preskače sve daljnje uvjete WHEN i THEN i vraća iskaz_1 u rezultatu.

Ako izraz ne odgovara prvom WHEN uvjetu, uspoređuje se s drugim WHEN uvjetom. Ovaj proces podudaranja nastavit će se sve dok se izraz ne uskladi s bilo kojim WHEN uvjetom.

Ako nijedan uvjet nije usklađen s izrazom, kontrola automatski ide na ELSE dio i vraća svoj rezultat. U sintaksi CASE dio ELSE nije obavezan.

bellfordov algoritam

U sintaksi, CASE i END su najvažnije ključne riječi koje pokazuju početak i završetak CASE izjave.

Primjeri CASE iskaza u SQL-u

Uzmimo tablicu Student_Details, koja sadrži roll_no, ime, ocjene, predmet i grad učenika.

Primjer 1: Sljedeća SQL naredba koristi jedan uvjet WHEN i THEN za naredbu CASE:

 SELECT Roll_No, Stu_Name, Stu_Subject, Stu_marks, CASE WHEN Stu_Marks >= 50 THEN 'Student_Passed' ELSE 'Student_Failed' END AS Student_Result FROM Student_Details; 

Objašnjenje gornjeg upita:

Ovdje naredba CASE provjerava je li Stu_Marks veće od i jednako 50, vraća Student_prošao inače prelazi na DRUGO dio i vraća Student_Pad u Student_Rezultat stupac.

Izlaz:

Primjer 2: Sljedeća SQL naredba dodaje više od jednog uvjeta WHEN i THEN naredbi CASE:

 SELECT Roll_No, Stu_Name, Stu_Subject, Stu_marks, CASE WHEN Stu_Marks &gt;= 90 THEN &apos;Outstanding&apos; WHEN Stu_Marks &gt;= 80 AND Stu_Marks = 70 AND Stu_Marks = 60 AND Stu_Marks = 50 AND Stu_Marks <60 50 then 'bad' when stu_marks < 'failed' end as stu_remarks from student_details; pre> <p> <strong>Explanation of above query:</strong> </p> <p>Here, the CASE statement checks multiple WHEN and THEN conditions one by one. If the value of <strong>Stu_Marks</strong> column is greater than or equals to <strong>90</strong> , it returns <strong>Outstanding</strong> otherwise moves to the further WHEN and THEN conditions.</p> <p>If none of the conditions is matched with the <strong>Student_Details</strong> table, CASE returns <strong>the NULL</strong> value in the <strong>Stu_Remarks</strong> column because there is no ELSE part in the query.</p> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Roll_No</th> <th>Stu_Name</th> <th>Stu_Subject</th> <th>Stu_Marks</th> <th>Stu_Remarks</th> </tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Science</td> <td>92</td> <td>Outstanding</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>Ram Math</td> <td>49</td> <td>Failed</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>Shyam</td> <td>English</td> <td>52</td> <td>Bad</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Hindi</td> <td>45</td> <td>Failed</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Computer</td> <td>70</td> <td>Good</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>Sheetal</td> <td>Math</td> <td>82</td> <td>Excellent</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>Parul</td> <td>Science</td> <td>62</td> <td>Average</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>Yogesh</td> <td>English</td> <td>42</td> <td>Failed</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Computer</td> <td>88</td> <td>Excellent</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>Shyam</td> <td>Hindi</td> <td>35</td> <td>Failed</td> </tr> </table> <p> <strong>Example 3:</strong> </p> <p>Let&apos;s take another Employee_Details table which contains Emp_ID, Emp_Name, Emp_Dept, and Emp_Salary.</p> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Emp_Id</th> <th>Emp_Name</th> <th>Emp_Dept</th> <th>Emp_Salary</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>9000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>4000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Shyam</td> <td>Sales</td> <td>5000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>4000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>5000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>8000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>6000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Shyam</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>4000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>8000</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>3000</td> </tr> </table> <p> <strong>The following SQL query uses GROUP BY clause with CASE statement:</strong> </p> <pre> SELECT Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Emp_Dept, sum(Emp_Salary) as Total_Salary, CASE WHEN SUM(Emp_Salary) &gt;= 10000 THEN &apos;Increment&apos; ELSE &apos;Constant&apos; END AS Emp_Remarks FROM Employee_Details GROUP BY Emp_id, Emp_Name; </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Emp_Id</th> <th>Emp_Name</th> <th>Emp_Dept</th> <th>Total_Salary</th> <th>Emp_Remarks</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>17000</td> <td>Increment</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>9000</td> <td>Decrement</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Shyam</td> <td>Sales</td> <td>10000</td> <td>Increment</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>12000</td> <td>Increment</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>8000</td> <td>Decrement</td> </tr> </table> <p> <strong>Example 4: In this example, we use the ORDER BY clause with a CASE statement in SQL:</strong> </p> <p>Let&apos;s take another Employee_Details table which contains Emp_ID, Emp_Name, Emp_Dept, and Emp_Age.</p> <p>We can check the data of Employee_Details by using the following query in SQL:</p> <pre> Select * From Employee_Details; </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Emp_Id</th> <th>Emp_Name</th> <th>Emp_Dept</th> <th>Emp_Age</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Balram</td> <td>Sales</td> <td>25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Sheetal</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Parul</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Yogesh</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Naveen</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Tarun</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>23</td> </tr> </table> <p>The following SQL query shows all the details of employees in the ascending order of employee names:</p> <pre> SELECT * FROM Employee_Details ORDER BY Emp_Name; </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Emp_Id</th> <th>Emp_Name</th> <th>Emp_Dept</th> <th>Emp_Age</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Balram</td> <td>Sales</td> <td>25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Naveen</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Parul</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Sheetal</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Tarun</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Yogesh</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>25</td> </tr> </table> <p>If you want to show those employees at the top who work in the Coding Department, then for this operation, you have to use single WHEN and THEN statement in the CASE statement as shown in the following query:</p> <pre> SELECT * FROM Employee_Details ORDER BY CASE WHEN Emp_Dept = &apos;Coding&apos; THEN 0 ELSE 1 END, Emp_Name; </pre> <p> <strong>Output:</strong> </p> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Emp_Id</th> <th>Emp_Name</th> <th>Emp_Dept</th> <th>Emp_Age</th> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yatin</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Yogesh</td> <td>Coding</td> <td>25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Akshay</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Balram</td> <td>Sales</td> <td>25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Manoj</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Naveen</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Parul</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>22</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ram</td> <td>Marketing</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Sheetal</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>24</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Tarun</td> <td>Finance</td> <td>23</td> </tr> </table> <hr></60>

Izlaz:

Primjer 4: U ovom primjeru koristimo klauzulu ORDER BY s naredbom CASE u SQL-u:

Uzmimo drugu tablicu Employee_Details koja sadrži Emp_ID, Emp_Name, Emp_Dept i Emp_Age.

brisanje npm predmemorije

Podatke o Employee_Details možemo provjeriti pomoću sljedećeg upita u SQL-u:

 Select * From Employee_Details; 

Izlaz:

Sljedeći SQL upit prikazuje sve pojedinosti o zaposlenicima uzlaznim redoslijedom imena zaposlenika:

 SELECT * FROM Employee_Details ORDER BY Emp_Name; 

Izlaz:

Ako želite prikazati one zaposlenike na vrhu koji rade u Odjelu kodiranja, tada za ovu operaciju morate koristiti jednu izjavu WHEN i THEN u izjavi CASE kao što je prikazano u sljedećem upitu:

 SELECT * FROM Employee_Details ORDER BY CASE WHEN Emp_Dept = 'Coding' THEN 0 ELSE 1 END, Emp_Name; 

Izlaz: