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Ciklus sortiranja

Isprobajte na GfG Practice Ciklus sortiranja' title=

Ciklusno sortiranje je nestabilni algoritam sortiranja na mjestu koji je posebno koristan pri sortiranju nizova koji sadrže elemente s malim rasponom vrijednosti. Razvio ju je W. D. Jones i objavio 1963.

Osnovna ideja iza ciklusnog sortiranja je podijeliti ulazni niz u cikluse gdje se svaki ciklus sastoji od elemenata koji pripadaju istoj poziciji u sortiranom izlaznom nizu. Algoritam zatim izvodi niz zamjena kako bi postavio svaki element na njegovu ispravnu poziciju unutar njegovog ciklusa dok se svi ciklusi ne dovrše i niz se sortira.

Evo detaljnog objašnjenja algoritma sortiranja ciklusa:

  1. Počnite s nesortiranim nizom od n elemenata.
  2. Inicijalizirajte varijablu cycleStart na 0.
  3. Za svaki element u nizu usporedite ga sa svakim drugim elementom desno od njega. Ako postoje neki elementi koji su manji od trenutnog inkrementa elementa cycleStart.
  4. Ako je cycleStart još uvijek 0 nakon usporedbe prvog elementa sa svim ostalim elementima, prijeđite na sljedeći element i ponovite korak 3.
  5. Jednom kada se pronađe manji element zamijenite trenutni element s prvim elementom u njegovom ciklusu. Ciklus se zatim nastavlja sve dok se trenutni element ne vrati u prvobitni položaj.

Ponavljajte korake 3-5 dok se svi ciklusi ne završe.



Niz je sada sortiran.

Jedna od prednosti cikličkog sortiranja je ta što zauzima malo memorije jer razvrstava niz na mjestu i ne zahtijeva dodatnu memoriju za privremene varijable ili međuspremnike. Međutim, može biti sporo u određenim situacijama, osobito kada ulazni niz ima velik raspon vrijednosti. Unatoč tome, ciklično sortiranje ostaje koristan algoritam sortiranja u određenim kontekstima kao što je sortiranje malih nizova s ​​ograničenim rasponima vrijednosti.

Ciklusno sortiranje je algoritam sortiranja na mjestu nestabilan algoritam sortiranja i sortiranje usporedbe koje je teoretski optimalno u smislu ukupnog broja pisanja u originalni niz. 
 

polimorfizam java
  • Optimalan je u pogledu broja upisa u memoriju. To minimizira broj upisa u memoriju za sortiranje (Svaka vrijednost se piše nula puta ako je već na ispravnom položaju ili se piše jednom na ispravnom mjestu.)
  • Temelji se na ideji da se niz koji treba sortirati može podijeliti u cikluse. Ciklusi se mogu vizualizirati kao grafikon. Imamo n čvorova i rub usmjeren od čvora i do čvora j ako element na i-tom indeksu mora biti prisutan na j-tom indeksu u sortiranom nizu. 
    Ciklus u arr[] = {2 4 5 1 3} 
     
Ciklus sortiranjaCiklus u arr[] = {2 4 5 1 3}
  • Ciklus u arr[] = {4 3 2 1} 
     
Ciklus u arr[] = {4 3 2 1} 


Razmatramo jedan po jedan sve cikluse. Prvo razmatramo ciklus koji uključuje prvi element. Pronalazimo ispravan položaj prvog elementa i postavljamo ga na ispravan položaj, recimo j. Uzimamo u obzir staru vrijednost arr[j] i pronalazimo njegovu ispravnu poziciju. To nastavljamo raditi sve dok svi elementi trenutnog ciklusa ne budu postavljeni na ispravnu poziciju, tj. ne vratimo se na početnu točku ciklusa.

java nizovi

Pseudokôd: 

Begin  
for  
start:= 0 to n - 2 do  
key := array[start]  
location := start  
for i:= start + 1 to n-1 do  
 if array[i] < key then  
 location: =location +1  
done  
if location = start then  
 ignore lower part go for next iteration  
while key = array[location] do  
 location: = location + 1  
done  
if location != start then  
 swap array[location] with key  
while location != start do  
 location start  
  
  
for i:= start + 1 to n-1 do  
 if array[i] < key then  
 location: =location +1  
done  
while key= array[location]  
 location := location +1  
 if key != array[location]  
 Swap array[location] and key  
 done  
 done  
End

Objašnjenje:  

 arr[] = {10 5 2 3}  
 index = 0 1 2 3  
cycle_start = 0   
    item    = 10 = arr[0]  
  
Find position where we put the item   
pos = cycle_start  
i=pos+1  
while(i  
if (arr[i] < item)   
 pos++;  
  
We put 10 at arr[3] and change item to   
old value of arr[3].  
arr[] = {10 5 2       10     }   
    item    = 3   
  
Again rotate rest cycle that start with     index '0'      
Find position where we put the item = 3   
we swap item with element at arr[1] now   
arr[] = {10       3      2       10     }   
    item    = 5  
  
Again rotate rest cycle that start with index '0' and item = 5   
we swap item with element at arr[2].  
arr[] = {10       3            5            10      }   
    item    = 2  
  
Again rotate rest cycle that start with index '0' and item = 2  
arr[] = {      2            3                    5            10     }   
  
Above is one iteration for cycle_stat = 0.  
Repeat above steps for cycle_start = 1 2 ..n-2

U nastavku je implementacija gornjeg pristupa:

CPP 
// C++ program to implement cycle sort #include    using namespace std; // Function sort the array using Cycle sort void cycleSort(int arr[] int n) {  // count number of memory writes  int writes = 0;  // traverse array elements and put it to on  // the right place  for (int cycle_start = 0; cycle_start <= n - 2; cycle_start++) {  // initialize item as starting point  int item = arr[cycle_start];  // Find position where we put the item. We basically  // count all smaller elements on right side of item.  int pos = cycle_start;  for (int i = cycle_start + 1; i < n; i++)  if (arr[i] < item)  pos++;  // If item is already in correct position  if (pos == cycle_start)  continue;  // ignore all duplicate elements  while (item == arr[pos])  pos += 1;  // put the item to it's right position  if (pos != cycle_start) {  swap(item arr[pos]);  writes++;  }  // Rotate rest of the cycle  while (pos != cycle_start) {  pos = cycle_start;  // Find position where we put the element  for (int i = cycle_start + 1; i < n; i++)  if (arr[i] < item)  pos += 1;  // ignore all duplicate elements  while (item == arr[pos])  pos += 1;  // put the item to it's right position  if (item != arr[pos]) {  swap(item arr[pos]);  writes++;  }  }  }  // Number of memory writes or swaps  // cout << writes << endl ; } // Driver program to test above function int main() {  int arr[] = { 1 8 3 9 10 10 2 4 };  int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);  cycleSort(arr n);  cout << 'After sort : ' << endl;  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)  cout << arr[i] << ' ';  return 0; }
Java 
// Java program to implement cycle sort import java.util.*; import java.lang.*; class GFG {  // Function sort the array using Cycle sort  public static void cycleSort(int arr[] int n)  {  // count number of memory writes  int writes = 0;  // traverse array elements and put it to on  // the right place  for (int cycle_start = 0; cycle_start <= n - 2; cycle_start++) {  // initialize item as starting point  int item = arr[cycle_start];  // Find position where we put the item. We basically  // count all smaller elements on right side of item.  int pos = cycle_start;  for (int i = cycle_start + 1; i < n; i++)  if (arr[i] < item)  pos++;  // If item is already in correct position  if (pos == cycle_start)  continue;  // ignore all duplicate elements  while (item == arr[pos])  pos += 1;  // put the item to it's right position  if (pos != cycle_start) {  int temp = item;  item = arr[pos];  arr[pos] = temp;  writes++;  }  // Rotate rest of the cycle  while (pos != cycle_start) {  pos = cycle_start;  // Find position where we put the element  for (int i = cycle_start + 1; i < n; i++)  if (arr[i] < item)  pos += 1;  // ignore all duplicate elements  while (item == arr[pos])  pos += 1;  // put the item to it's right position  if (item != arr[pos]) {  int temp = item;  item = arr[pos];  arr[pos] = temp;  writes++;  }  }  }  }  // Driver program to test above function  public static void main(String[] args)  {  int arr[] = { 1 8 3 9 10 10 2 4 };  int n = arr.length;  cycleSort(arr n);  System.out.println('After sort : ');  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)  System.out.print(arr[i] + ' ');  } } // Code Contributed by Mohit Gupta_OMG <(0_o)>
Python3 
# Python program to implement cycle sort def cycleSort(array): writes = 0 # Loop through the array to find cycles to rotate. for cycleStart in range(0 len(array) - 1): item = array[cycleStart] # Find where to put the item. pos = cycleStart for i in range(cycleStart + 1 len(array)): if array[i] < item: pos += 1 # If the item is already there this is not a cycle. if pos == cycleStart: continue # Otherwise put the item there or right after any duplicates. while item == array[pos]: pos += 1 array[pos] item = item array[pos] writes += 1 # Rotate the rest of the cycle. while pos != cycleStart: # Find where to put the item. pos = cycleStart for i in range(cycleStart + 1 len(array)): if array[i] < item: pos += 1 # Put the item there or right after any duplicates. while item == array[pos]: pos += 1 array[pos] item = item array[pos] writes += 1 return writes # driver code  arr = [1 8 3 9 10 10 2 4 ] n = len(arr) cycleSort(arr) print('After sort : ') for i in range(0 n) : print(arr[i] end = ' ') # Code Contributed by Mohit Gupta_OMG <(0_o)>
C# 
// C# program to implement cycle sort using System; class GFG {    // Function sort the array using Cycle sort  public static void cycleSort(int[] arr int n)  {  // count number of memory writes  int writes = 0;  // traverse array elements and   // put it to on the right place  for (int cycle_start = 0; cycle_start <= n - 2; cycle_start++)  {  // initialize item as starting point  int item = arr[cycle_start];  // Find position where we put the item.   // We basically count all smaller elements   // on right side of item.  int pos = cycle_start;  for (int i = cycle_start + 1; i < n; i++)  if (arr[i] < item)  pos++;  // If item is already in correct position  if (pos == cycle_start)  continue;  // ignore all duplicate elements  while (item == arr[pos])  pos += 1;  // put the item to it's right position  if (pos != cycle_start) {  int temp = item;  item = arr[pos];  arr[pos] = temp;  writes++;  }  // Rotate rest of the cycle  while (pos != cycle_start) {  pos = cycle_start;  // Find position where we put the element  for (int i = cycle_start + 1; i < n; i++)  if (arr[i] < item)  pos += 1;  // ignore all duplicate elements  while (item == arr[pos])  pos += 1;  // put the item to it's right position  if (item != arr[pos]) {  int temp = item;  item = arr[pos];  arr[pos] = temp;  writes++;  }  }  }  }  // Driver program to test above function  public static void Main()  {  int[] arr = { 1 8 3 9 10 10 2 4 };  int n = arr.Length;    // Function calling  cycleSort(arr n);  Console.WriteLine('After sort : ');  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)  Console.Write(arr[i] + ' ');  } } // This code is contributed by Nitin Mittal
JavaScript 
<script> // Javascript program to implement cycle sort  // Function sort the array using Cycle sort  function cycleSort(arr n)  {    // count number of memory writes  let writes = 0;    // traverse array elements and put it to on  // the right place  for (let cycle_start = 0; cycle_start <= n - 2; cycle_start++)  {    // initialize item as starting point  let item = arr[cycle_start];    // Find position where we put the item. We basically  // count all smaller elements on right side of item.  let pos = cycle_start;  for (let i = cycle_start + 1; i < n; i++)  if (arr[i] < item)  pos++;    // If item is already in correct position  if (pos == cycle_start)  continue;    // ignore all duplicate elements  while (item == arr[pos])  pos += 1;    // put the item to it's right position  if (pos != cycle_start)  {  let temp = item;  item = arr[pos];  arr[pos] = temp;  writes++;  }    // Rotate rest of the cycle  while (pos != cycle_start)  {  pos = cycle_start;    // Find position where we put the element  for (let i = cycle_start + 1; i < n; i++)  if (arr[i] < item)  pos += 1;    // ignore all duplicate elements  while (item == arr[pos])  pos += 1;    // put the item to it's right position  if (item != arr[pos]) {  let temp = item;  item = arr[pos];  arr[pos] = temp;  writes++;  }  }  }  }   // Driver code   let arr = [ 1 8 3 9 10 10 2 4 ];  let n = arr.length;  cycleSort(arr n);    document.write('After sort : ' + '  
');  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)  document.write(arr[i] + ' ');    // This code is contributed by susmitakundugoaldanga. </script>

Izlaz 
After sort : 1 2 3 4 8 9 10 10

Analiza vremenske složenosti : 

  • Najgori slučaj: Na2) 
  • Prosječan slučaj: Na2) 
  • Najbolji slučaj: Na2)

Pomoćni prostor: O(1)

  • Složenost prostora je stalna jer je ovaj algoritam na mjestu tako da ne koristi dodatnu memoriju za sortiranje.

Metoda 2: Ova je metoda primjenjiva samo kada su zadane vrijednosti polja ili elementi u rasponu od 1 do N ili 0 do N. U ovoj metodi ne trebamo rotirati niz

apstraktna klasa

Sve zadane vrijednosti niza trebaju biti u rasponu od 1 do N ili 0 do N. Ako je raspon od 1 do N  tada će ispravan položaj svakog elementa niza biti indeks == vrijednost-1, tj. znači da će vrijednost indeksa 0 biti 1, slično će vrijednost položaja indeksa 1 biti 2 i tako dalje do n-te vrijednosti.

slično za vrijednosti od 0 do N ispravan položaj indeksa svakog elementa polja ili vrijednosti bit će isti kao njegova vrijednost, tj. na 0. indeksu 0 će biti ondje, 1. položaj 1 će biti tamo.

Objašnjenje:  

arr[] = {5 3 1 4 2}  
index = 0 1 2 3 4  
  
i = 0;  
while( i < arr.length)  
 correctposition = arr[i]-1;   
   
 find ith item correct position  
 for the first time i = 0 arr[0] = 5 correct index of 5 is 4 so arr[i] - 1 = 5-1 = 4  
   
   
 if( arr[i] <= arr.length && arr[i] != arr[correctposition])  
   
   
 arr[i] = 5 and arr[correctposition] = 4   
 so 5 <= 5 && 5 != 4 if condition true   
 now swap the 5 with 4   
   
   
 int temp = arr[i];  
 arr[i] = arr[correctposition];  
 arr[correctposition] = temp;  
   
 now resultant arr at this after 1st swap   
 arr[] = {2 3 1 4 5} now 5 is shifted at its correct position   
   
 now loop will run again check for i = 0 now arr[i] is = 2   
 after swapping 2 at its correct position   
 arr[] = {3 2 1 4 5}  
   
 now loop will run again check for i = 0 now arr[i] is = 3   
 after swapping 3 at its correct position   
 arr[] = {1 2 3 4 5}  
   
 now loop will run again check for i = 0 now arr[i] is = 1  
 this time 1 is at its correct position so else block will execute and i will increment i = 1;  
 once i exceeds the size of array will get array sorted.  
 arr[] = {1 2 3 4 5}  
   
   
 else  
   
 i++;  
loop end;  
  
once while loop end we get sorted array just print it   
for( index = 0 ; index < arr.length; index++)  
 print(arr[index] + ' ')  
sorted arr[] = {1 2 3 4 5}

U nastavku je implementacija gornjeg pristupa:

C++ 
#include    using namespace std; void cyclicSort(int arr[] int n){  int i = 0;   while(i < n)  {  // as array is of 1 based indexing so the  // correct position or index number of each  // element is element-1 i.e. 1 will be at 0th  // index similarly 2 correct index will 1 so  // on...  int correct = arr[i] - 1 ;  if(arr[i] != arr[correct]){  // if array element should be lesser than  // size and array element should not be at  // its correct position then only swap with  // its correct position or index value  swap(arr[i] arr[correct]) ;  }else{  // if element is at its correct position  // just increment i and check for remaining  // array elements  i++ ;  }  } } void printArray(int arr[] int size) {  int i;  for (i = 0; i < size; i++)  cout << arr[i] << ' ';  cout << endl; } int main() {  int arr[] = { 3 2 4 5 1};  int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);  cout << 'Before sorting array: n';  printArray(arr n);  cyclicSort(arr n);  cout << 'Sorted array: n';  printArray(arr n);  return 0; }
Java 
// java program to check implement cycle sort import java.util.*; public class MissingNumber {  public static void main(String[] args)  {  int[] arr = { 3 2 4 5 1 };  int n = arr.length;  System.out.println('Before sort :');  System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));  CycleSort(arr n);    }  static void CycleSort(int[] arr int n)  {  int i = 0;  while (i < n) {  // as array is of 1 based indexing so the  // correct position or index number of each  // element is element-1 i.e. 1 will be at 0th  // index similarly 2 correct index will 1 so  // on...  int correctpos = arr[i] - 1;  if (arr[i] < n && arr[i] != arr[correctpos]) {  // if array element should be lesser than  // size and array element should not be at  // its correct position then only swap with  // its correct position or index value  swap(arr i correctpos);  }  else {  // if element is at its correct position  // just increment i and check for remaining  // array elements  i++;  }  }  System.out.println('After sort : ');  System.out.print(Arrays.toString(arr));      }  static void swap(int[] arr int i int correctpos)  {  // swap elements with their correct indexes  int temp = arr[i];  arr[i] = arr[correctpos];  arr[correctpos] = temp;  } } // this code is contributed by devendra solunke
Python 
# Python program to check implement cycle sort def cyclicSort(arr n): i = 0 while i < n: # as array is of 1 based indexing so the # correct position or index number of each # element is element-1 i.e. 1 will be at 0th # index similarly 2 correct index will 1 so # on... correct = arr[i] - 1 if arr[i] != arr[correct]: # if array element should be lesser than # size and array element should not be at # its correct position then only swap with # its correct position or index value arr[i] arr[correct] = arr[correct] arr[i] else: # if element is at its correct position # just increment i and check for remaining # array elements i += 1 def printArray(arr): print(*arr) arr = [3 2 4 5 1] n = len(arr) print('Before sorting array:') printArray(arr) # Function Call cyclicSort(arr n) print('Sorted array:') printArray(arr) # This Code is Contributed by Prasad Kandekar(prasad264)
C# 
using System; public class GFG {  static void CycleSort(int[] arr int n)  {  int i = 0;  while (i < n) {  // as array is of 1 based indexing so the  // correct position or index number of each  // element is element-1 i.e. 1 will be at 0th  // index similarly 2 correct index will 1 so  // on...  int correctpos = arr[i] - 1;  if (arr[i] < n && arr[i] != arr[correctpos]) {  // if array element should be lesser than  // size and array element should not be at  // its correct position then only swap with  // its correct position or index value  swap(arr i correctpos);  }  else {  // if element is at its correct position  // just increment i and check for remaining  // array elements  i++;  }  }  Console.Write('nAfter sort : ');  for (int index = 0; index < n; index++)  Console.Write(arr[index] + ' ');  }  static void swap(int[] arr int i int correctpos)  {  // swap elements with their correct indexes  int temp = arr[i];  arr[i] = arr[correctpos];  arr[correctpos] = temp;  }  static public void Main()  {  // Code  int[] arr = { 3 2 4 5 1 };  int n = arr.Length;  Console.Write('Before sort : ');  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)  Console.Write(arr[i] + ' ');  CycleSort(arr n);  } } // This code is contributed by devendra solunke
JavaScript 
// JavaScript code for the above code function cyclicSort(arr n) {  var i = 0;  while (i < n)  {    // as array is of 1 based indexing so the  // correct position or index number of each  // element is element-1 i.e. 1 will be at 0th  // index similarly 2 correct index will 1 so  // on...  let correct = arr[i] - 1;  if (arr[i] !== arr[correct])  {    // if array element should be lesser than  // size and array element should not be at  // its correct position then only swap with  // its correct position or index value  [arr[i] arr[correct]] = [arr[correct] arr[i]];  }  else {  // if element is at its correct position  // just increment i and check for remaining  // array elements  i++;  }  } } function printArray(arr size) {  for (var i = 0; i < size; i++) {  console.log(arr[i] + ' ');  }  console.log('n'); } var arr = [3 2 4 5 1]; var n = arr.length; console.log('Before sorting array: n'); printArray(arr n); cyclicSort(arr n); console.log('Sorted array: n'); printArray(arr n); // This Code is Contributed by Prasad Kandekar(prasad264)

Izlaz 
Before sorting array: 3 2 4 5 1 Sorted array: 1 2 3 4 5

Analiza vremenske složenosti:

  • Najgori slučaj: Na) 
  • Prosječan slučaj: Na) 
  • Najbolji slučaj: Na)

Pomoćni prostor: O(1)

Prednost sortiranja ciklusa:

  1. Nije potrebno dodatno skladištenje.
  2.  algoritam za sortiranje na mjestu.
  3.  Minimalni broj pisanja u memoriju
  4.  Ciklusno sortiranje je korisno kada je niz pohranjen u EEPROM ili FLASH. 

Nedostatak  ciklične vrste:

  1.  Ne koristi se uglavnom.
  2.  Ima veću vremensku složenost o(n^2)
  3.  Nestabilan algoritam sortiranja.

Primjena  cikličkog sortiranja:

  • Ovaj algoritam sortiranja je najprikladniji za situacije u kojima su operacije pisanja ili izmjene memorije skupe.
  • Korisno za složene probleme. 
     
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