To je algoritam tipa Podijeli i vladaj.
Podijeliti: Preuredite elemente i podijelite nizove u dva podniza i element između. Tražite da je svaki element u lijevom podnizu manji ili jednak prosječnom elementu i da je svaki element u desnom podnizu veći od srednjeg elementa.
Osvojiti: Rekurzivno sortirajte dva podniza.
Kombinirati: Kombinirajte već sortirani niz.
Algoritam:
QUICKSORT (array A, int m, int n) 1 if (n > m) 2 then 3 i ← a random index from [m,n] 4 swap A [i] with A[m] 5 o ← PARTITION (A, m, n) 6 QUICKSORT (A, m, o - 1) 7 QUICKSORT (A, o + 1, n)
Algoritam particije:
Algoritam particije preuređuje podnizove na mjesto.
PARTITION (array A, int m, int n) 1 x ← A[m] 2 o ← m 3 for p ← m + 1 to n 4 do if (A[p] <x) 1 5 6 7 8 then o ← + swap a[o] with a[p] a[m] return < pre> <p> <strong>Figure: shows the execution trace partition algorithm</strong> </p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <h3>Example of Quick Sort: </h3> <pre> 44 33 11 55 77 90 40 60 99 22 88 </pre> <p>Let <strong>44</strong> be the <strong>Pivot</strong> element and scanning done from right to left</p> <p>Comparing <strong>44</strong> to the right-side elements, and if right-side elements are <strong>smaller</strong> than <strong>44</strong> , then swap it. As <strong>22</strong> is smaller than <strong>44</strong> so swap them.</p> <pre> <strong>22</strong> 33 11 55 77 90 40 60 99 <strong>44</strong> 88 </pre> <p>Now comparing <strong>44</strong> to the left side element and the element must be <strong>greater</strong> than 44 then swap them. As <strong>55</strong> are greater than <strong>44</strong> so swap them.</p> <pre> 22 33 11 <strong>44</strong> 77 90 40 60 99 <strong>55</strong> 88 </pre> <p>Recursively, repeating steps 1 & steps 2 until we get two lists one left from pivot element <strong>44</strong> & one right from pivot element.</p> <pre> 22 33 11 <strong>40</strong> 77 90 <strong>44</strong> 60 99 55 88 </pre> <p> <strong>Swap with 77:</strong> </p> <pre> 22 33 11 40 <strong>44</strong> 90 <strong>77</strong> 60 99 55 88 </pre> <p>Now, the element on the right side and left side are greater than and smaller than <strong>44</strong> respectively.</p> <p> <strong>Now we get two sorted lists:</strong> </p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-2.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p>And these sublists are sorted under the same process as above done.</p> <p>These two sorted sublists side by side.</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-3.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <br> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-4.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <h3>Merging Sublists:</h3> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-5.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p> <strong> SORTED LISTS</strong> </p> <p> <strong>Worst Case Analysis:</strong> It is the case when items are already in sorted form and we try to sort them again. This will takes lots of time and space.</p> <h3>Equation:</h3> <pre> T (n) =T(1)+T(n-1)+n </pre> <p> <strong>T (1)</strong> is time taken by pivot element.</p> <p> <strong>T (n-1)</strong> is time taken by remaining element except for pivot element.</p> <p> <strong>N:</strong> the number of comparisons required to identify the exact position of itself (every element)</p> <p>If we compare first element pivot with other, then there will be 5 comparisons.</p> <p>It means there will be n comparisons if there are n items.</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-6.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <h3>Relational Formula for Worst Case:</h3> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-7.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <h3>Note: for making T (n-4) as T (1) we will put (n-1) in place of '4' and if <br> We put (n-1) in place of 4 then we have to put (n-2) in place of 3 and (n-3) <br> In place of 2 and so on. <p>T(n)=(n-1) T(1) + T(n-(n-1))+(n-(n-2))+(n-(n-3))+(n-(n-4))+n <br> T (n) = (n-1) T (1) + T (1) + 2 + 3 + 4+............n <br> T (n) = (n-1) T (1) +T (1) +2+3+4+...........+n+1-1</p> <p>[Adding 1 and subtracting 1 for making AP series]</p> <p>T (n) = (n-1) T (1) +T (1) +1+2+3+4+........ + n-1 <br> T (n) = (n-1) T (1) +T (1) + <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-8.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort">-1</p> <p> <strong>Stopping Condition: T (1) =0</strong> </p> <p>Because at last there is only one element left and no comparison is required.</p> <p>T (n) = (n-1) (0) +0+<img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-8.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort">-1</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-9.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p> <strong>Worst Case Complexity of Quick Sort is T (n) =O (n<sup>2</sup>)</strong> </p> <h3>Randomized Quick Sort [Average Case]:</h3> <p>Generally, we assume the first element of the list as the pivot element. In an average Case, the number of chances to get a pivot element is equal to the number of items.</p> <pre> Let total time taken =T (n) For eg: In a given list p 1, p 2, p 3, p 4............pn If p 1 is the pivot list then we have 2 lists. I.e. T (0) and T (n-1) If p2 is the pivot list then we have 2 lists. I.e. T (1) and T (n-2) p 1, p 2, p 3, p 4............pn If p3 is the pivot list then we have 2 lists. I.e. T (2) and T (n-3) p 1, p 2, p 3, p 4............p n </pre> <p>So in general if we take the <strong>Kth</strong> element to be the pivot element.</p> <p> <strong>Then,</strong> </p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-10.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p>Pivot element will do n comparison and we are doing average case so,</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-11.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p> <strong>So Relational Formula for Randomized Quick Sort is:</strong> </p> <pre> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-12.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> = n+1 +<img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-13.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort">(T(0)+T(1)+T(2)+...T(n-1)+T(n-2)+T(n-3)+...T(0)) <br> = n+1 +<img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-13.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort">x2 (T(0)+T(1)+T(2)+...T(n-2)+T(n-1)) </pre> <pre> n T (n) = n (n+1) +2 (T(0)+T(1)+T(2)+...T(n-1)........eq 1 </pre> <p>Put n=n-1 in eq 1</p> <pre> (n -1) T (n-1) = (n-1) n+2 (T(0)+T(1)+T(2)+...T(n-2)......eq2 </pre> <p>From eq1 and eq 2</p> <p>n T (n) - (n-1) T (n-1)= n(n+1)-n(n-1)+2 (T(0)+T(1)+T(2)+?T(n-2)+T(n-1))-2(T(0)+T(1)+T(2)+...T(n-2)) <br> n T(n)- (n-1) T(n-1)= n[n+1-n+1]+2T(n-1) <br> n T(n)=[2+(n-1)]T(n-1)+2n <br> n T(n)= n+1 T(n-1)+2n</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-14.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p>Put n=n-1 in eq 3</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-15.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p>Put 4 eq in 3 eq</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-16.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p>Put n=n-2 in eq 3</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-17.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p>Put 6 eq in 5 eq</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-18.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p>Put n=n-3 in eq 3</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-19.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p>Put 8 eq in 7 eq</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-20.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <br> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-21.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p>From 3eq, 5eq, 7eq, 9 eq we get</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-22.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <br> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-23.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p>From 10 eq</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-24.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p>Multiply and divide the last term by 2</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-25.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <p> <strong>Is the average case complexity of quick sort for sorting n elements.</strong> </p> <p> <strong>3. Quick Sort [Best Case]:</strong> In any sorting, best case is the only case in which we don't make any comparison between elements that is only done when we have only one element to sort.</p> <img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-26.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> <hr></h3></x)>
Neka 44 budi Stožer element i skeniranje s desna na lijevo
Uspoređujući 44 na elemente s desne strane, a ako su elementi s desne strane manji od 44 , a zatim ga zamijenite. Kao 22 manji je od 44 pa ih zamijenite.
<strong>22</strong> 33 11 55 77 90 40 60 99 <strong>44</strong> 88
Sad uspoređujem 44 lijevom bočnom elementu i element mora biti veća od 44, a zatim ih zamijenite. Kao 55 su veći od 44 pa ih zamijenite.
22 33 11 <strong>44</strong> 77 90 40 60 99 <strong>55</strong> 88
Rekurzivno, ponavljajući korake 1 i korake 2 dok ne dobijemo dvije liste jednu lijevo od zaokretnog elementa 44 & jedan desno od stožernog elementa.
22 33 11 <strong>40</strong> 77 90 <strong>44</strong> 60 99 55 88
Zamijeni sa 77:
22 33 11 40 <strong>44</strong> 90 <strong>77</strong> 60 99 55 88
Sada, element na desnoj i lijevoj strani su veći od i manji od 44 odnosno.
Sada dobivamo dvije sortirane liste:
I ovi su podpopisi sortirani po istom postupku kao što je gore učinjeno.
Ove dvije sortirane podliste jedna pored druge.
Spajanje podpopisa:
SORTIRANI POPIS
Analiza najgoreg slučaja: To je slučaj kada su stavke već u sortiranom obliku i pokušavamo ih ponovno sortirati. Ovo će oduzeti puno vremena i prostora.
Jednadžba:
T (n) =T(1)+T(n-1)+n
T (1) je vrijeme potrebno zakretnom elementu.
T (n-1) je vrijeme potrebno za preostali element osim stožernog elementa.
N: broj usporedbi potrebnih za prepoznavanje točne pozicije samog sebe (svaki element)
Ako usporedimo prvi element pivot s ostalima, tada će biti 5 usporedbi.
To znači da će biti n usporedbi ako postoji n stavki.
Relacijska formula za najgori slučaj:
Napomena: za pretvaranje T (n-4) u T (1) stavit ćemo (n-1) umjesto '4' i ako
Stavili smo (n-1) umjesto 4, zatim moramo staviti (n-2) umjesto 3 i (n-3)
Umjesto 2 i tako dalje.
T(n)=(n-1) T(1) + T(n-(n-1))+(n-(n-2))+(n-(n-3))+(n-( n-4))+n
T (n) = (n-1) T (1) + T (1) + 2 + 3 + 4+............n
T (n) = (n-1) T (1) +T (1) +2+3+4+...........+n+1-1
[Dodavanje 1 i oduzimanje 1 za izradu AP serije]
T (n) = (n-1) T (1) +T (1) +1+2+3+4+........ + n-1
T (n) = (n-1) T (1) +T (1) + 
-1
Uvjet zaustavljanja: T (1) =0
Jer na kraju je ostao samo jedan element i nije potrebna usporedba.
T (n) = (n-1) (0) +0+ -1
Složenost brzog sortiranja u najgorem slučaju je T (n) = O (n2)
Nasumično brzo sortiranje [prosječan slučaj]:
Općenito, prvi element popisa pretpostavljamo kao stožerni element. U prosječnom slučaju, broj šansi za dobivanje pivot elementa jednak je broju stavki.
Let total time taken =T (n) For eg: In a given list p 1, p 2, p 3, p 4............pn If p 1 is the pivot list then we have 2 lists. I.e. T (0) and T (n-1) If p2 is the pivot list then we have 2 lists. I.e. T (1) and T (n-2) p 1, p 2, p 3, p 4............pn If p3 is the pivot list then we have 2 lists. I.e. T (2) and T (n-3) p 1, p 2, p 3, p 4............p n
Dakle, općenito ako uzmemo Kth element koji će biti stožerni element.
Zatim,
Pivot element će izvršiti n usporedbu, a mi radimo prosječan slučaj,
Dakle, relacijska formula za randomizirano brzo sortiranje je:
<img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-12.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort"> = n+1 +<img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-13.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort">(T(0)+T(1)+T(2)+...T(n-1)+T(n-2)+T(n-3)+...T(0)) <br> = n+1 +<img src="//techcodeview.com/img/daa-tutorial/50/quick-sort-13.webp" alt="DAA Quick sort">x2 (T(0)+T(1)+T(2)+...T(n-2)+T(n-1))
n T (n) = n (n+1) +2 (T(0)+T(1)+T(2)+...T(n-1)........eq 1
Stavite n=n-1 u jednadžbu 1
(n -1) T (n-1) = (n-1) n+2 (T(0)+T(1)+T(2)+...T(n-2)......eq2
Iz eq1 i eq 2
n T (n) - (n-1) T (n-1)= n(n+1)-n(n-1)+2 (T(0)+T(1)+T(2)+? T(n-2)+T(n-1))-2(T(0)+T(1)+T(2)+...T(n-2))
n T(n)- (n-1) T(n-1)= n[n+1-n+1]+2T(n-1)
n T(n)=[2+(n-1)]T(n-1)+2n
n T(n)= n+1 T(n-1)+2n
počinje s javom
Stavite n=n-1 u jednadžbu 3
Stavite 4 ekv. u 3 ekv
Stavite n=n-2 u jednadžbu 3
Stavite 6 ekv. u 5 ekv
Stavite n=n-3 u jednadžbu 3
Stavite 8 ekv. u 7 ekv
Iz 3eq, 5eq, 7eq, 9 eq dobivamo
Od 10 ekv
Pomnožite i podijelite zadnji izraz s 2
Je prosječna složenost slučaja brzog sortiranja za sortiranje n elemenata.
3. Brzo sortiranje [najbolji slučaj]: U svakom sortiranju, najbolji slučaj je jedini slučaj u kojem ne radimo nikakvu usporedbu između elemenata koja se radi samo kada imamo samo jedan element za sortiranje.
