Afina šifra je vrsta monoalfabetske supstitucijske šifre u kojoj se svako slovo u abecedi preslikava u svoj numerički ekvivalent šifriran pomoću jednostavne matematičke funkcije i pretvara natrag u slovo. Upotrijebljena formula znači da se svako slovo šifrira u jedno drugo slovo i natrag, što znači da je šifra u biti standardna zamjenska šifra s pravilom koje regulira koje slovo ide na koje.
Cijeli proces se oslanja na radni modulo m (duljina korištene abecede). U afinoj šifri slova abecede veličine m prvo se preslikavaju u cijele brojeve u rasponu 0 … m-1.
'Ključ' za afinu šifru sastoji se od 2 broja koja ćemo nazvati a i b. Sljedeća rasprava pretpostavlja korištenje abecede od 26 znakova (m = 26). a treba odabrati da bude relativno prost prema m (tj. a ne bi trebao imati zajedničkih faktora s m).
Šifriranje
Koristi modularnu aritmetiku za transformaciju cijelog broja kojem odgovara svako slovo otvorenog teksta u drugi cijeli broj koji odgovara slovu šifriranog teksta. Funkcija šifriranja za jedno slovo je
E ( x ) = ( a x + b ) mod m modulus m: size of the alphabet a and b: key of the cipher. a must be chosen such that a and m are coprime.
Dešifriranje
U dešifriranju šifriranog teksta moramo izvršiti suprotne (ili obrnute) funkcije na šifriranom tekstu kako bismo dohvatili otvoreni tekst. Ponovno je prvi korak pretvaranje svakog slova šifriranog teksta u njihovu cjelobrojnu vrijednost. Funkcija dešifriranja je
D ( x ) = a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m a^-1 : modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo m. i.e. it satisfies the equation 1 = a a^-1 mod m .
Pronaći multiplikativni inverz
Moramo pronaći broj x takav da je:
Ako pronađemo broj x tako da je jednadžba točna, tada je x inverz od a i zovemo ga a^-1. Najlakši način da riješite ovu jednadžbu je da pretražite svaki od brojeva od 1 do 25 i vidite koji od njih zadovoljava jednadžbu.
[gxd] = gcd(am); % we can ignore g and d we dont need them x = mod(xm);
Ako sada pomnožite x i a i smanjite rezultat (mod 26), dobit ćete odgovor 1. Upamtite da je ovo samo definicija inverza, tj. ako je a*x = 1 (mod 26) tada je x inverz od a (a a je inverz od x)
Primjer:
Implementacija:
ispis iz javeC++
//CPP program to illustrate Affine Cipher #include
// Java program to illustrate Affine Cipher class GFG { // Key values of a and b static int a = 17; static int b = 20; static String encryptMessage(char[] msg) { /// Cipher Text initially empty String cipher = ''; for (int i = 0; i < msg.length; i++) { // Avoid space to be encrypted /* applying encryption formula ( a x + b ) mod m {here x is msg[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ascii alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ if (msg[i] != ' ') { cipher = cipher + (char) ((((a * (msg[i] - 'A')) + b) % 26) + 'A'); } else // else simply append space character { cipher += msg[i]; } } return cipher; } static String decryptCipher(String cipher) { String msg = ''; int a_inv = 0; int flag = 0; //Find a^-1 (the multiplicative inverse of a //in the group of integers modulo m.) for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) { flag = (a * i) % 26; // Check if (a*i)%26 == 1 // then i will be the multiplicative inverse of a if (flag == 1) { a_inv = i; } } for (int i = 0; i < cipher.length(); i++) { /*Applying decryption formula a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m {here x is cipher[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ASCII alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ if (cipher.charAt(i) != ' ') { msg = msg + (char) (((a_inv * ((cipher.charAt(i) + 'A' - b)) % 26)) + 'A'); } else //else simply append space character { msg += cipher.charAt(i); } } return msg; } // Driver code public static void main(String[] args) { String msg = 'AFFINE CIPHER'; // Calling encryption function String cipherText = encryptMessage(msg.toCharArray()); System.out.println('Encrypted Message is : ' + cipherText); // Calling Decryption function System.out.println('Decrypted Message is: ' + decryptCipher(cipherText)); } } // This code contributed by Rajput-Ji
# Implementation of Affine Cipher in Python # Extended Euclidean Algorithm for finding modular inverse # eg: modinv(7 26) = 15 def egcd(a b): xy uv = 01 10 while a != 0: q r = b//a b%a m n = x-u*q y-v*q ba xy uv = ar uv mn gcd = b return gcd x y def modinv(a m): gcd x y = egcd(a m) if gcd != 1: return None # modular inverse does not exist else: return x % m # affine cipher encryption function # returns the cipher text def affine_encrypt(text key): ''' C = (a*P + b) % 26 ''' return ''.join([ chr((( key[0]*(ord(t) - ord('A')) + key[1] ) % 26) + ord('A')) for t in text.upper().replace(' ' '') ]) # affine cipher decryption function # returns original text def affine_decrypt(cipher key): ''' P = (a^-1 * (C - b)) % 26 ''' return ''.join([ chr((( modinv(key[0] 26)*(ord(c) - ord('A') - key[1])) % 26) + ord('A')) for c in cipher ]) # Driver Code to test the above functions def main(): # declaring text and key text = 'AFFINE CIPHER' key = [17 20] # calling encryption function affine_encrypted_text = affine_encrypt(text key) print('Encrypted Text: {}'.format( affine_encrypted_text )) # calling decryption function print('Decrypted Text: {}'.format ( affine_decrypt(affine_encrypted_text key) )) if __name__ == '__main__': main() # This code is contributed by # Bhushan Borole
// C# program to illustrate Affine Cipher using System; class GFG { // Key values of a and b static int a = 17; static int b = 20; static String encryptMessage(char[] msg) { /// Cipher Text initially empty String cipher = ''; for (int i = 0; i < msg.Length; i++) { // Avoid space to be encrypted /* applying encryption formula ( a x + b ) mod m {here x is msg[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ascii alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ if (msg[i] != ' ') { cipher = cipher + (char) ((((a * (msg[i] - 'A')) + b) % 26) + 'A'); } else // else simply append space character { cipher += msg[i]; } } return cipher; } static String decryptCipher(String cipher) { String msg = ''; int a_inv = 0; int flag = 0; //Find a^-1 (the multiplicative inverse of a //in the group of integers modulo m.) for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) { flag = (a * i) % 26; // Check if (a*i)%26 == 1 // then i will be the multiplicative inverse of a if (flag == 1) { a_inv = i; } } for (int i = 0; i < cipher.Length; i++) { /*Applying decryption formula a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m {here x is cipher[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ASCII alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ if (cipher[i] != ' ') { msg = msg + (char) (((a_inv * ((cipher[i] + 'A' - b)) % 26)) + 'A'); } else //else simply append space character { msg += cipher[i]; } } return msg; } // Driver code public static void Main(String[] args) { String msg = 'AFFINE CIPHER'; // Calling encryption function String cipherText = encryptMessage(msg.ToCharArray()); Console.WriteLine('Encrypted Message is : ' + cipherText); // Calling Decryption function Console.WriteLine('Decrypted Message is: ' + decryptCipher(cipherText)); } } /* This code contributed by PrinciRaj1992 */
//Javascript program to illustrate Affine Cipher //Key values of a and b let a = 17; let b = 20; function encryptMessage(msg) { ///Cipher Text initially empty let cipher = ''; for (let i = 0; i < msg.length; i++) { // Avoid space to be encrypted if(msg[i] !=' ') /* applying encryption formula ( a x + b ) mod m {here x is msg[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ascii alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ cipher = cipher + String.fromCharCode((((a * (msg[i].charCodeAt(0)-65) ) + b) % 26) + 65); else //else simply append space character cipher += msg[i]; } return cipher; } function decryptCipher(cipher) { let msg = ''; let a_inv = 0; let flag = 0; //Find a^-1 (the multiplicative inverse of a //in the group of integers modulo m.) for (let i = 0; i < 26; i++) { flag = (a * i) % 26; //Check if (a*i)%26 == 1 //then i will be the multiplicative inverse of a if (flag == 1) { a_inv = i; } } for (let i = 0; i < cipher.length; i++) { if(cipher[i]!=' ') /*Applying decryption formula a^-1 ( x - b ) mod m {here x is cipher[i] and m is 26} and added 'A' to bring it in range of ASCII alphabet[ 65-90 | A-Z ] */ msg = msg + String.fromCharCode(((a_inv * ((cipher[i].charCodeAt(0)+65 - b)) % 26)) + 65); else //else simply append space character msg += cipher[i]; } return msg; } //Driver Program let msg = 'AFFINE CIPHER'; //Calling encryption function let cipherText = encryptMessage(msg); console.log('Encrypted Message is : ' + cipherText); //Calling Decryption function console.log('Decrypted Message is: ' + decryptCipher(cipherText)); // The code is contributed by Arushi Jindal.
Izlaz
Encrypted Message is : UBBAHK CAPJKX Decrypted Message is: AFFINE CIPHER
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